A tag question (also known as tail question) is a grammatical structure in which a declarative or an imperative statement is turned into interrogative fragment (the "tag"). For example, in the sentence "You're John, aren't you?", the statement "You're John" is turned into a question by the tag "aren't you". The term "question tag" is generally preferred by British grammarians, while their American counterparts prefer "tag question".
Video Tag question
Uses
In most languages, tag questions are more common in colloquial spoken usage than in formal written usage. They can be an indicator of politeness, hedging, consensus seeking, emphasis and/or irony. They may suggest confidence or lack of confidence; they may be confrontational, defensive or tentative. Although they have the grammatical form of a question, they may be rhetorical (not expecting an answer). In other cases, when they do expect a response, they may differ from straightforward questions in that they cue the listener as to what response is desired. In legal settings, tag questions can often be found in a leading question. According to a specialist children's lawyer at the NSPCC, children find it difficult to answer tag questions other than in accordance with the expectation of the questioner using or tagging a question.
Maps Tag question
Forms
Question tags are formed in several ways, and many languages give a choice of formation. In some languages the most common is a single word or fixed phrase, whereas in others it is formed by a regular grammatical construction.
Single word forms
In many languages, the question tag is a simple positive or negative. Russian allows ??? (yes) whereas Spanish and Italian use ¿no? and no? respectively. In Indonesian, sometimes ya? (yes) is used but it is more common to say kan?, which probably is a contraction of bukan (negation for nouns).
Another common formation is comparable to the English correct? or the informal form right?, though more often realised as the word for true or truth, in fact, such as in Polish prawda?, Slovak pravda? or the particle v?ak?, or Spanish ¿verdad?, which in turn can be presented in a negative form (not true?), such as in the Polish nieprawda??, German nicht wahr? or Lithuanian ar ne?.
A plain conjunction may be used, such as the Czech and Slovak ?e? (that). Various other words occur in specific languages, such as German oder? (or), Slovak ?i? (or, colloquialism), and the Mandarin Chinese ? ma (literally what but never used in the way English uses that word).
Another pattern is to combine affirmation and negation, as can be done in Chinese, for example as ??? duì bù duì (correct / not correct).
Some languages have words whose only function is as a question tag. In Scots and certain dialects of English, eh? functions this way. French has hein?, Southern German dialects have gell? (derived from a verb meaning to be valid) and Portuguese has né? (actually a colloquial contraction of não é, literally isn't it, while é?, pronounced much like English eh?, would have a different intended meaning, that of English right?).
Grammatically regular forms
In several languages, the tag question is built around the standard interrogative form. In English and the Celtic languages, this interrogative agrees with the verb in the main clause, whereas in other languages the structure has fossilised into a fixed form, such as the French n'est-ce pas ? (literally "isn't it?").
Grammatically productive tag forms
Grammatically productive tag forms are formed in the same way as simple questions, referring back to the verb in the main clause and agreeing in time and person (where the language has such agreement). The tag may include a pronoun, such as in English, or may not, as is the case in Scottish Gaelic. If the rules of forming interrogatives require it, the verb in the tag may be an auxiliary, as in English.
Punctuation
In most languages, a tag question is set off from the sentence by a comma(,). In Spanish, where the beginnings of questions are marked with an inverted question mark, it is only the tag, not the whole sentence, which is placed within the question bracket:
- Estás cansado, ¿verdad? (You're tired, aren't you?).
In English
English tag questions, when they have the grammatical form of a question, are atypically complex, because they vary according to at least three factors: the choice of auxiliary, the negation and the intonation pattern. This is unique among the Germanic languages, but the Celtic languages operate in a very similar way. For the theory that English has borrowed its system of tag questions from Brittonic, see Brittonicisms in English.
Auxiliary
The English tag question is made up of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun. The auxiliary must agree with the tense, aspect and modality of the verb in the preceding sentence. If the verb is in the present perfect, for example, the tag question uses has or have; if the verb is in a present progressive form, the tag is formed with am, are, is; if the verb is in a tense which does not normally use an auxiliary, like the present simple, the auxiliary is taken from the emphatic do form; and if the sentence has a modal auxiliary, this is echoed in the tag:
- He has read this book, didn't he?
- He read this book, didn't he?
- He's reading this book, isn't he?
- He reads a lot of books, doesn't he?
- He'll read this book, won't he?
- He should read this book, shouldn't he?
- He can read this book, can't he?
- He'd read this book, wouldn't he?
- He'd read this book, hadn't he?
A special case occurs when the main verb is to be in a simple tense. Here the tag question repeats the main verb, not an auxiliary:
- This is a book, isn't it?
If the main verb is to have in the sense of possession, either solution is possible:
- He has a book, hasn't he?
- He has a book, doesn't he?
English question tags exist in both positive and negative forms. When there is no special emphasis, the rule of thumb often applies that a positive sentence has a negative tag and vice versa. This form may express confidence, or seek confirmation of the asker's opinion or belief.
- She is French, isn't she?
- She's not French, is she?
These are referred to as balanced tag questions.
Unbalanced tag questions feature a positive statement with a positive tag, or a negative statement with a negative tag; it has been estimated that in normal conversation, as many as 40-50% of tags are unbalanced. Unbalanced tag questions may be used for ironic or confrontational effects:
- Do listen, will you?
- Oh, I'm lazy, am I?
- Jack: I refuse to spend Sunday at your mother's house! Jill: Oh you do, do you? We'll see about that!
- Oh! Making a stand, are we?
Unbalanced tags also occur when shall is used to ask for confirmation of a suggestion:
- I'll make tea, shall I?
- Let's start, shall we? (there is no interrogative version of let's, so here shall we is used as if the sentence were we shall start)
Rhetorical tag questions may be found in British English. For example:
- Alice: Is the tea ready?
- Bob: The water has to boil, doesn't it?
This is a peremptory tag question that criticizes what the answerer perceives as the asker's impatience. An antagonistic tag question is tagged onto a statement that reveals information that the target would not have had. For example:
- Chuck: I telephoned you this morning, but you didn't answer.
- Mallory: I was in the bath, wasn't I?
Patterns of negation can show regional variations. In North East Scotland, for example, positive to positive is used when no special effect is desired:
- This pizza's fine, is it? (standard English: This pizza's delicious, isn't it?)
Note the following variations in the negation when the auxiliary is the I form of the copula:
- Standard/formal: Clever, am I not?
- England (and America, Australia, etc.): Clever, aren't I?
- Scotland/Northern Ireland: Clever, amn't I?
- nonstandard dialects: Clever, ain't I?
Intonation
English tag questions can have a rising or a falling intonation pattern. This can be contrasted with Polish, French or German, for example, where all tags rise, or with the Celtic languages, where all fall. As a rule, the English rising pattern is used when soliciting information or motivating an action, that is, when some sort of response is required. Since normal English yes/no questions have rising patterns (e.g. Are you coming?), these tags make a grammatical statement into a real question:
- You're coming, aren't you?
- Do listen, will you?
- Let's have a beer, shall we?
The falling pattern is used to underline a statement. The statement itself ends with a falling pattern, and the tag sounds like an echo, strengthening the pattern. Most English tag questions have this falling pattern.
- He doesn't know what he's doing, does he?
- This is really boring, isn't it?
Sometimes the rising tag goes with the positive to positive pattern to create a confrontational effect:
- He was the best in the class, was he? (rising: the speaker is challenging this thesis, or perhaps expressing surprised interest)
- He was the best in the class, wasn't he? (falling: the speaker holds this opinion)
- Be careful, will you? (rising: expresses irritation)
- Take care, won't you? (falling: expresses concern)
Sometimes the same words may have different patterns depending on the situation or implication.
- You don't remember my name, do you? (rising: expresses surprise)
- You don't remember my name, do you? (falling: expresses amusement or resignation)
- Your name's Mary, isn't it? (rising: expresses uncertainty)
- Your name's Mary, isn't it? (falling: expresses confidence)
It is interesting that as an all-purpose tag the Multicultural London English set-phrase innit (for "isn't it") is only used with falling patterns:
- He doesn't know what he's doing, innit?
- He was the best in the class, innit?
On the other hand, the adverbial tag questions (alright? OK? etc.) are almost always found with rising patterns. An occasional exception is surely.
Other forms
Besides the standard form based on auxiliary verbs, there are other forms specific to particular regions or dialects of English. These are generally invariant, regardless of verb, person or negativity.
The tag right? is common in a number of dialects across the UK and US, as well as in Indian English. It is an example of an invariable tag which is preferred in American English over traditional tags.
The tags isn't it? and no? are used in Indian English.
The tag eh? is of Scottish origin, and can be heard across much of Scotland, New Zealand, Canada and the North-Eastern United States. In Central Scotland (in and around Stirling and Falkirk), this exists in the form eh no? which is again invariant.
The tag or? is used commonly in the North-Eastern United States and other regions to make offers less imposing. These questions could always logically be completed by stating the opposite of the offer, though this effect is understood intuitively by native speakers. For example:
- Would you like another drink, or (would you not)?
- Did you want to go to the park together, or (did you not want to go)?
The tag hey? (of Afrikaans and Dutch origin) is used in South African English.
In the Celtic languages
Like English, the Celtic languages form tag questions by echoing the verb of the main sentence. The Goidelic languages, however, make little or no use of auxiliary verbs, so that it is generally the main verb itself which reappears in the tag. As in English, the tendency is to have a negative tag after a positive sentence and vice versa, but unbalanced tags are also possible. Some examples from Scottish Gaelic:
(Here, eil and fhaca are dependent forms of the irregular verbs tha and chunnaic.)
- Is toil leat fìon, nach toil? - You like wine, don't you?
- Tha i brèagha an diugh, nach eil? - It's nice today, isn't it?
- Chunnaic mi e, nach fhaca? - I saw him, didn't I?
- Thèid mi ga dhùsgadh, an tèid? - I'll go and wake him, shall I? (unbalanced!)
In Welsh, a special particle on is used to introduce tag questions, which are then followed by the inflected form of a verb. Unlike English and the Goidelic languages, Welsh prefers a positive tag after a positive statement, and negative after negative. With the auxiliary bod, it is the inflected form of bod that is used:
- Mae hi'n bwrw glaw heddiw, on dydy? - It's raining today, isn't it?
- Dydy hi ddim yn bwrw glaw heddiw, on nac ydy? - It's not raining today, is it?
With inflected non-preterite forms, the inflected form of the verb is used:
- Doi di yfory, on doi? - You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
With preterite and perfect forms, the invariable do (also the affirmative answer to these questions) is used:
- Canodd y bobl, on do? - The people sang, didn't they?
- Mae hi wedi ei weld o, on do? - She's seen him, hasn't she?
When a non-verbal element is being questioned, the question particle ai is used:
- Mr Jones, on dai? - Mr Jones, isn't it? or Mr Jones, on tefe?
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments